Even More Course Descriptions
The objective of this module is to present the basic principles of three phase power, including the characteristics of Wye and delta connections. The fundamentals of two winding and autotransformers are discussed, including various combinations of three-phase transformer connections. Finally, bearing in mind the special applications of DC in power systems, the characteristics of DC circuits are introduced. After completion of this module and associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand and apply the following concepts in day-to-day work activities.
• The advantage of three phase power systems
• Sharing the common neutral
• Elimination of the neutral conductor with a balanced three-phase load
• The generator Wye connection and grounded neutral
• The Wye connection voltage and current relationships
• The delta connection, voltage and current relationships
• Expression for power in a three-phase circuit
• Fundamentals of voltage transformation
• Function of the iron core in the transformer
• Transformer voltage and current relationships
• Transformer energy losses
• Transformer single phase and three-phase construction
• Characteristics of the transformer delta-delta connection
• Characteristics of the transformer Wye-delta connection
• The function of transformer tap changers
• The function of the autotransformer
• The difference between DC and AC electric power
• The effect of inductance and capacitance in a DC circuit
• Battery discharge and re-charge
• The DC generator
• Half wave solid-state rectification
• Full wave solid-state rectification
• Typical applications of the solid state rectifier
The objective of this module is to present and discuss the main features related to distribution system layout, including various means of providing continuity of service and alternative sources of supply. On conclusion of this module, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day work practice.
• The function of the distribution system
• Elements of a simple distribution system
• The source of power supply to the distribution system
• Single, double and multiple in-feeds to the distribution system
• The sub-transmission system (also known as high-voltage distribution)
• Primary feeder layout
• Branch circuits (lateral circuits)
• Typical transmission, sub-transmission, and primary distribution voltage levels
• The functions of transmission, sub-transmission, and primary distribution
• The function of distribution transformers
• Radial operation of primary feeders
• The primary loop with normally open tie
• Classification of customers
• Feed to high voltage customers (at sub-transmission and primary feeder voltages)
• Distribution transformer connections to provide 3-phase supply
• Distribution transformer connections to provide single phase supply
• Single-phase 3-wire supply (with centre tapped neutral)
• Connecting to a secondary main
• The need for continuity of service
• Alternate primary feeds ?"the primary selective system"
• Alternative feeds ?"secondary selective system"
• The secondary spot network with distribution transformers in parallel
• Definition of temporary faults and permanent faults
• Operation of the feeder circuit breaker in response to the reclosing relay for temporary, and permanent faults
• The combination of branch line fuses and the reclosing relay under temporary and permanent fault conditions
• Operation of the mechanical recloser under fault conditions
• Operation of the sectionalizer under fault conditions
• Information required by the operator, i.e. circuit diagrams, protection diagrams, area maps, and wall diagrams
The objective of this module is to demonstrate and discuss the features of overhead distribution systems. After completion of this module, and associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day work practice.
• Advantages and disadvantages of overhead construction
• The use of bare conductors and covered conductors
• Conductor supports i.e. lattice towers, steel, concrete and wood poles
• Conductor support arrangements on wood poles
• Types of insulators
• Multiple circuits on poles
• Mounting equipment on poles
• The need for guy wires
• Grounding the neutral conductor
• The characteristics of copper and aluminum conductors (ACSR)
• Standard conductor sizes (AWG)
• "Circular mil" units of measuring conductor and strand sizes
• Manufacturer’s tables for solid and stranded conductors indicating weight tensile strength, and ohmic resistance
• The use of ampacity tables to indicate conductor current limits
• The effect of conductor material, ambient temperature, wind velocity, and current flow on ampacity
• Factors affecting line sag, including conductor tension, conductor weight, ice loading, ambient temperature, wind velocity, and conductor current
• Primary feed arrangements between the distribution bus and the primary feeder
• Line dead end support
• Line taps to feed customers from primary feeder
• Connections to primary terminals of distribution transformers
• Secondary wiring arrangements to customer’s service entrance
The objective of this module is to draw attention to the high voltage hazards that can occur on telecommunication circuits entering substations and power stations, and to review the protection devices that are used to combat this problem.
After study of the videotape and the associated workbook the participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them in their day-to-day activities. They will also be able to answer test related questions on these subjects:
• Communication line interface
• Routing of telephone cables by Telco
• Effect on telephone lines of power system faults
• Longitudinal common mode induction
• GPR - Ground Potential Rise
• Remote ground and local ground
• High voltage hazards to personnel and equipment
• Location of demarcation interface
• Standard telephone line protection
• Air gap arrestors
• Carbon block protectors
• Gas tube protectors
• Solid-state protectors
• Limitations of protectors
• Disadvantage of voltage clamping (i.e. circuit shut down)
• Mutual drainage reactor
• High voltage interface
• Dedicated entrance cable; features
• Grounding of dedicated cable
• High voltage special protection
• Neutralizing transformer
• Neutralizing reactor
• Isolation transformers
• High voltage relay for DC signals
• Safety precautions for personnel
• Optical isolators: teleline isolator
• TUCON fiber optic link
• Fiber optic cable and multiplexer
Distribution networks and POWER DISTRIBUTION COURSES online training classes including three (3) phase power systems,distribution networks overhead lines,telecommunications protection,system protection,fault characteristics,transformer protection, bus protection,motor protection,line protection and pilot protection
The objective of this module is to overview the function of protection schemes, including general protection philosophy and its impact on the operation of the system.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to his day-to-day work activities.
• Why protection is necessary
• The philosophy and objectives of protection
• Zones of protection - local and backup
• Causes and consequences of faults
• Tolerable and intolerable fault conditions
• Relay and circuit breaker combinations
• Elementary tripping circuit
• IEEE Standard device numbers
• Control circuit schematics
• Monitoring relay performance
• Factors affecting relay application
• The need for coordination
The objective of this tape is to present concepts which are vital tools in the interpretation of system operating conditions.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to his day-to-day work activities. He will also be able to answer test questions on the following subjects:
• Function of current and voltage transformers
• Effect of burden and saturation
• CT performance ratings
• VT connections
• The coupling capacitor VT
• Polarity, polarity test
• Three phase circuit diagrams
• Directional sensing for ground faults
• Phasor diagrams, construction and interpretation
• Phase rotation - sequence
• Per unit calculations
• Base voltage and base MVA
• OHMIC impedance and per unit impedance
• MVA fault capacity
The objective of this tape is to discuss the characteristics of different types of faults, and their effects on the power system. Knowledge of this material is vital to understanding the protective schemes that are presented in future videotapes. After study of this tape and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
• Effect of load impedance on current flow
• Effect of short circuit impedance on fault current
• Voltage drop through the system under fault conditions
• Impedance phase angle
• Safety grounding: the ground mat
• Neutral grounding: generator or transformer
• Delta system grounding transformer
• Aerial ground wires on transmission lines
• Limitation of ground fault current through impedance grounding
• Ungrounded systems - Hazards & ground fault detection
• Phasor diagrams for different types of faults
• Resonance
• Ferroresonance
• Distortion of balanced conditions under the various types of faults
• Transposition of balanced conditions at generator to unbalanced conditions at the fault
• Production of positive, negative, and zero sequence components
• Effect of negative and zero sequence components
• Zero and negative sequence relays
• Rules for study of symmetrical components
The objective of this videotape is to review the types of faults that can occur in transformers and to present the different protection schemes that are installed on large and small transformers.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects.
• Transformer features
• Types of faults
• Overcurrent protection
• Backup coordination
• Primary fuses
• Differential protection
• In-rush current: harmonic filter
• Phasing of differential CTs
• Selecting CT taps
• Calculation of mismatch
• Differential protection for multi-winding transformers
• Connection of multiple restraint coils
• Limitations due to parallel CTs
• Single-phase transformer CT connections
• Ground (zero-sequence) protection
• Directional ground protection
• Remote transfer tripping
• Thermal relays
• Gas pressure relays
• Transformer overall protection schemes
• Protection of transformers in parallel
• Reactor protection
• Shunt capacitor protection
Distribution networks and POWER DISTRIBUTION COURSES online training classes including three (3) phase power systems,distribution networks overhead lines,telecommunications protection,system protection,fault characteristics,transformer protection, bus protection,motor protection,line protection and pilot protection
The objective of this module is to review the different bus layouts that are used in power systems and to present the different protection schemes that are installed to protect against bus faults.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook the participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to his day-to-day work activities. He will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
• Features of different bus arrangements
• Single breaker - single bus
• Single buses connected with bus tie breaker
• Main and transfer buses with single breaker
• Single breaker - double bus
• Double breaker - double bus
• Ring bus
• Breaker-and-a-half bus
• Special problems of bus protection
• The ground fault bus
• Partial differential protection with overcurrent relays
• Directional comparison schemes
• Residual current differential schemes
• CT saturation problems
• Multi-restraint relays
• Linear coupler
• High impedance relays
The purpose of this videotape is to familiarize the participant with the features of motor operation and the most common types of protective devices that are installed.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
• Motor application: voltage levels
• Induction motor characteristics
• Torque curves: speed, slip, stall
• Potential motor hazards
• Starting arrangements
• Current - time curves
• Thermal limits for overload and start-up
• Thermal and time overcurrent protection
• Locked rotor protection
• Phase fault protection
• Ground fault protection
• Differential protection
• Protection against unbalanced conditions
• Undervoltage protection
• Synchronous motor protection
The objective of this module is to present the broad categories of line configuration and discuss the various types of protection schemes that are employed. Particular attention is paid to coordination for selective tripping and isolation of faulty circuits.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
• Classification of lines and feeders
• Typical system configurations
• Faults on radial and loop systems
• Reclosing arrangements
• Breaker failure protection
• Application of overcurrent relays
• Setting of relay pickup and time dial
• Coordination with downstream fuses and reclosers
• Coordination procedure for loop systems
• Maximum and minimum fault levels
• Application of instantaneous overcurrent relays
• Voltage control (restraint) overcurrent relays
• Ground fault protection with directional overcurrent relays
• Polarizing sources; current; voltage
• Polarizing by negative sequence voltage
• Effects of mutual induction
• Limitations of overcurrent relays
• Characteristics of distance relays
• RX diagram
• Protection zones; primary and backup
• Multiple lines and power sources
• Tapped lines; multi-terminal lines
• Ground fault protection by distance relays
• Backup protection
The purpose of this videotape is to familiarize participants with the principles of pilot protection, the various schemes used and the different types of communication channels employed.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook, participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
• Pilot wire differential protection - 60 Hz signal
• Twisted pair - solid conductors
• Distance limitations
• DC polar units
• Effect of pilot wire open circuit or short circuit
• Monitoring the pilot wire
• Drainage reactors
• Effect of ground potential rise
• Neutralizing transformer
• Communication channels
• Power line carrier; on/off mode
• PLC, frequency shift keying (FSK)
• Audio tones
• Microwave
• Fiber optics
• Direct transfer tripping
• Directional comparison under-reach
• Directional comparison overreach
• Phase comparison
• Tripping, blocking, permissive commands
About our Power Distribution networks online training classes including three (3) phase power systems, distribution networks, overhead lines, telecommunications protection, system protection, fault characteristics, transformer protection, bus protection, motor protection, line protection and pilot protection